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Terrorism has taken on new importance for most people since the attacks on the World Trade Center in New York and the Pentagon in the suburbs of Washington, D.C., on 11 September 2001. In three daring attacks using airliners (as well as a fourth that failed when passengers forced the plane to crash land), terrorists took ten times more lives than they had in any previous incident in the U.S. and did so in a manner so audacious that it shocked virtually everyone around the world.
But, terrorism is not new. Historians debate when the first instance of terrorism occurred. However, it was no later than the 1790s, when the revolutionary government in France used the term to refer to the way they treated members of the nobility and clergy as well as others who opposed their regime.
Scholars also disagree about what terrorism actually entails, as the cliche, "one person's terrorist is another's freedom fighter" suggests. As the Council on Foreign Relations' Terrorism Question and Answer project has put it, most definitions of terrorism include the following:
It involves premeditated violence aimed at civilians and designed to provoke fear in a much broader target population.
It is political and not criminal in nature.
It is not carried out by an army or other officials of a state.[1]
A large number of observers also claim that terrorism is a weapon used mostly by weak groups who believe that they have no effective way of addressing their grievance by working "inside the system." The point here is not that terrorist groups are not necessarily objectively weaker than their opponents, but participants in them are convinced they are in a relatively powerless position.
Defining terrorism is made all the more complicated by the fact that people almost never define themselves as terrorists and the use of the label by others often has political overtones. Consider the events of 28 November 2002. In Kenya, teams of activists blew up a hotel owned and frequented by Israelis and fired missiles at (but missed) an Israeli charter airliner. Few observers had any doubts that these were terrorist acts; the only question was whether or not al Qaeda was involved. Later that day, members of the Al Aqsa Martyrs Brigade attacked an Israeli village killing a number of civilians before they themselves were killed by Israeli forces. While U.S. President George Bush and Israeli Prime Minister Ariel Sharon were quick to condemn this as a terrorist attack, many Palestinians would claim that this violence was a legitimate use of force in an undeclared war for their liberation.
One of the most widely cited lists of terrorist organizations compiled by the United States State Department listed 31 such groups in 2001. Some, such as al Qaeda or the Real IRA (which broke from the main IRA when the latter supported the talks which led to the Good Friday Accords of 1998) unquestionably belong on any such list. Others are more problematic, including the Israeli Kach, the Palestinian Liberation Organization, and the GAM movement seeking independence for Aceh from Indonesia.[2]
Finally, deciding who is a terrorist is complicated by the fact that many states are involved. The United States government, for instance, has long complained about state-sponsored terrorism, actions by its adversaries, which, it claims, support the activity of the groups on its annual list of terrorist organizations. However, there are those who argue that some American allies, including Israel today, the United Kingdom during the height of "the troubles" in Northern Ireland, and South Africa during the apartheid years all engaged in activities that smacked of terrorism.
Why Terrorism Is Important
Anyone who didn't think terrorism was important realized it was when watching the twin towers of the World Trade Center collapse on 9/11. The fact that an organization few people had heard about the day before could carry out such a devastating and daring act proved to be the cliched "wake up call" terrorism experts had been worrying about for years.
But the importance of terrorism goes far beyond the death and destruction its perpetrators produce. Thus, if terrorists succeed in instilling fear in the mass public, they can cause major disruptions in people's daily lives if not their political activities. Thus, in the aftermath of 9/11 Americans experienced everything from a sharp decline in air travel to a more than one hundred fold increase in hate crimes directed at people of Arabian and South Asian origins in the United States.
Terrorism is now an important component of many intractable conflicts. And, the presence of active terrorist movements makes conflicts all the more difficult to solve.
When the IRA and later the Protestant paramilitaries took up weapons and started killing British troops and each other, it became all but impossible to hold talks, let alone, reach an agreement to end "the troubles."
What Can Be Done About Terrorism
Most of the modules in the Intractable Conflict Knowledge Base end with three sections on what individuals, governments, and third parties can do about the subject at hand. Here, it makes sense to take a slightly different approach which covers those three levels but explores the available options through the lens of two "voices" discussed by John Paul Lederach in a remarkable essay he wrote and widely circulated just after 9/11.[3] The rest of this module builds on Lederach's ideas and additions I have made to them at greater length in a chapter in a book on terrorism published by the Department of Defense's Threat Reduction Agency.
A First Voice: Traditional Justice
The first voice is the desire, indeed the demand, for justice in the traditional sense of the term in which the perpetrators of terrorism are held accountable for their actions.
This desire for what can only be considered vengeance is not a common desire among people who work on either conflict resolution or in peace studies. However, it is one of the truisms in the study of terrorism that once an attack touches close to home, one's reaction becomes personal and this first voice is an inescapable part of any person's reaction. To that end, consider the words of Miroslav Volf who, along with Lederach, is one of the world's leading experts on reconciliation:
I felt very strange. I had been inside talking about reconciliation with our enemies at the same time that a terrorist attack was taking place and the World Trade Center Towers were collapsing.
I felt we needed to go after them that they needed to pay. The naming of the deeds as evil and the protection of those that are innocent is extraordinarily important.[4]
There have been many proposals put forward to deal with terrorism non-violently, including in response to 9/11. Frankly, however, few of them hold much promise in dealing with men and women who are prepared to make such tremendous sacrifices for their causes -- at least in the short run. Indeed, it may well be the case that attacks of the magnitude of 9/11 require the use of force in reply, however distasteful it might be to members of the conflict resolution community or however counterproductive it might be in the long term.
Richard Rubenstein talks about common misconceptions associated with terrorism.
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The Second Voice: Addressing the Root With Restorative Justice
Lederach's first voice calls on the skills of the soldier and traditional diplomat, not the conflict resolution practitioner. It requires the use of coercive diplomacy, at best and, more often than not, the imposition of force as in the post 9/11 war on terrorism.
However, as at least some national security scholars and policy makers now acknowledge, force alone will not bring terrorism to an end. To do that, we need to use the tools which conflict resolution professionals have been developing during the last generation or so and address the root cause of terrorism: empathic listening, reframing, dialogue, analytical problem solving, coalition-building, among others.[5]
But none of these things means we should not also seek to forgive the offender and reconcile with the offender. One of the points in my talk at the U.N. was that we, as Christians, must develop a will to embrace and be reconciled with our enemy. This will must be absolutely unconditional. There is no imaginable deed that should take a person outside our will to embrace him, because there is no imaginable deed that can take a person out of God's will to embrace humanity.
Jayne Docherty suggests in order to deal with extremism one must understand its underlying causes and the mechanisms that support it.
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These tools are the ones we can use in answering the question first posed by President Bush in an address to Congress shortly after 9/11. "Why do they hate us?" People who resort to terrorism are almost certainly desperate; many of them may also suffer from psychological problems, which lead them to take such extremely violent steps. Nonetheless, terrorism only thrives and survives in contexts where a far larger number of people feel deeply aggrieved by their political, social, or economic situation. "They" attack "us" because "they" hate "us."
It seems highly unlikely that such anger can be overcome with force alone, if by force at all. That requires the kind of long-term commitment to conflict resolution and reconciliation, which the likes of Lederach and Volf specialize in. There is no roadmap to follow to make that happen. Nonetheless, it is fairly clear that any long-term response to terrorism will have to include:
- Creatively developing programs to redress the inequalities and other social conditions, which give rise to the anger in the first place.
- Finding ways to convince the angry young "terrorists of tomorrow" to forego violence and pursue peaceful pathways to profound political change.
- To the degree that the conflict between Israel and Palestine helps trigger terrorism, forging a lasting agreement that satisfies the interests of both parties.
- Treating at least potential terrorists with dignity and respect and not the arrogance that so often characterizes the rhetoric and reality of Western foreign policy.
- This probably also requires apologizing for past wrongs and making a sincere commitment to new approaches to the world's problems.
[1] Terrorism Question and Answers. Web site produced by the Council on Foreign Relations in cooperation with the Markle Foundation. http://www.terrorismanswers.com/home/. Accessed 8-29-2003.
[2] Designated Foreign Terrorist Organizations, United States State Department Web site: http://www.state.gov/s/ct/rls/pgtrpt/2000/2450.htm. (Accessed 29 August 2003.)
[3] Lederach's remarks were originally published in an essay entitled "Quo Vadis? Reframing Terror from the Perspective of Conflict Resolution" which is available at http://www.nd.edu/~krocinst/sept11/ledquo.html. (Accessed?29 August 2003).
[4] Volf, Miroslav (2001). "To Embrace the Enemy." Christianity Today. 17 September. http://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2001/138/53.0.html.?Accessed 1 August 2002.
[5] "Addressing the Root Causes of Terrorism," Matthew Hersey and Charles Hauss. Available online at http://classweb.gmu.edu/chauss/search/terrorism.htm.
Use the following to cite this article:
Hauss, Charles (Chip). "Terrorism." Beyond Intractability. Eds. Guy Burgess and Heidi Burgess. Conflict Research Consortium, University of Colorado, Boulder. Posted: September 2003 <http://www.beyondintractability.org/essay/terrorism/>.
Sources of Additional, In-depth Information on this Topic
Additional Explanations of the Underlying Concepts:
Online (Web) Sources
Abrahms, Max. "Why Terrorism Does Not Work." International Security , October 2006
Available at: http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/abs/10.1162/isec.2006.31.2.42.
This article utilizes an analysis of a wide range of foreign terrorist organizations (FTOs). Abrahms notes that FTOs have historically been unable to effect the governmental policy changes they have sought, and suggests that this is due to the essential nature of terrorism as a tactic.
Ganor, Boaz. "Defining Terrorism: Is One Man's Terrorist Another Man?s Freedom Fighter?." , 1900
Available at: http://www.ict.org.il/articles/define.htm.
A discussion of the factors involved in defining what terrorism is. Discusses how to distinquish it from other (presumably more ligitimate) means of engaging in conflict, such as guerrilla warfare, national liberation or revolutionary violence.
The Terrorism Research Center FAQ (Frequently Asked Questions). The Terrorism Research Center.
Available at: Click here for more info.
An extensive discussion (in the form of an FAQ, or "Frequently Asked Questions" list) of terrorism, including several definitions of the word "terrorism" and descriptions of how terrorists operate.
Hoffman, Bruce. "The Modern Terrorist Mindset: Tactics, Targets and Technologies." , October 1997
Available at: http://www.ciaonet.org/wps/hob03/.
This article discusses the tactics and targets of various terrorist movements, as well as the weapons they favor, which are shaped by a group's ideology, its internal organizational dynamics, the personalities of its key members and a variety of internal and external stimuli.
Azcarate, Camilo. "Understanding the Incomprehensible: Identity, Security and Terrorism." , 1900
Available at: http://www.mediate.com/articles/azcarate.cfm.
The author argues that first, it is important to realize that the suffering created by terrorism is neither unique nor exclusive of Americans, and second, we need to approach the problem from a rational perspective.
Kopel, David B. Cato Handbook for Congress: Terrorism. Cato Institute.
Available at: http://www.cato.org/pubs/handbook/hb105-21.html.
In this handbook, it is suggested that Congress should: repeal the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996, resist efforts to expand wiretapping, remove all export controls on encryption, and enact appropriations bills forbidding any executive branch official from spending money to promote the Clipper Chip.
Herren, Eric. "Counter-Terrorism Dilemmas." , 1900
Available at: http://www.ict.org.il/articles/articledet.cfm?articleid=432.
A discussion of how to counter acts of terrorism and the effects of such attacks. Specifically, the text briefly addresses issues of intellegence use, public opinion, and consensus-building among nations opposed to terrorism.
O'Brien, Conor Cruise. "Thinking About Terrorism." , June 1986
Available at: http://www.theatlantic.com/issues/86jun/obrien.htm.
This article discusses two stereotypes that dominate discussions of terrorism. The author argues that leaders in the United States and elsewhere fundamentally misunderstand why people turn to terrorism?and how to dissuade them from it. He went on to suggest that current methods of combating terrorism not only are bound to fail, but might even encourage attacks.
Ganor, Boaz. Suicide Terrorism: an Overview. The International Policy Institute for Counter-Terrorism.
Available at: http://www.ict.org.il/articles/articledet.cfm?articleid=128.
A discussion of suicide attacks, including what motivates recruits, how they are recruited, and how to combat the attacks.
Galtung, Johan. "The United States West and the Rest of the World." , September 2001
Available at: http://www.transcend.org/jg_united_states.htm.
The author of this article points out that the prolonged wars in the Middle East and many other Third
World regions have bread a culture of violence. Transcending
those conflicts, finding solutions that bring justice to all
parties, is an essential component of a successful strategy
against terrorism.
Abbey, Nicholas. Preventing Terrorism. Peace Magazine.
Available at: http://www.peacemagazine.org/archive/v18n1p08.htm.
Based on research and the practical lessons of past efforts, this article lists six major principles to guide an effective, international campaign against future terrorist acts.
"Center for Defense Information: Terrorism Project." ,
Available at: http://www.cdi.org/program/index.cfm?programid=39.
CDI's Terrorism Project is designed to provide insights, in-depth analysis and facts on the military, security and foreign policy challenges as the United States, and the world, faces terrorism. The project looks at all aspects of fighting terrorism, from near-term issues of response and defense, to long-term questions about how the United States should shape its future international security strategy.
Eland, Ivan. Does U.S. Intervention Overseas Breed Terrorism?: The Historical Record.
Available at: http://www.cato.org/pubs/fpbriefs/fpb-050es.html.
This paper, from the Cato Institute which is founded on a libertarian philosophy, discusses the correlation between U.S. involvement in international situations and an increase in terrorist attacks against the United States. The report cites many examples of terrorist attacks on the United States in retaliation for U.S. intervention overseas. The numerous incidents cataloged suggest that the United States could reduce the chances of devastating terrorist attacks by adopting a policy of military restraint overseas. The full document in PDF format may be reached via this page.
Lewis, Bernard. "Roots of Muslim Rage (Part One)." , September 1990
Available at: http://www.theatlantic.com/doc/prem/199009/muslim-rage.
In this article, historian of Islam Bernard Lewis explores the reasons behind Islamic fundamentalists' antipathy to the West. He contends that "fundamentalist leaders are not mistaken in seeing in Western civilization the greatest challenge to the way of life that they wish to retain or restore for their people."
Scaring Ourselves to Death: Conquering Fear in a Time of Terror. 2004.
Available at: http://www.aworldofpossibilities.com/details.cfm?id=175.
An interview with Mohamed Ibrahim, Jim McDermott, Neil Smelser, and Adele Welty. Since 9/11 we've been buffeted by orange and red alerts and the rhetoric of threat causing us to inhabit a culture of fear. Join us as we ask whether we can immunize ourselves against the virus of fear and whether this fear threatens us far more than the terrorists ever could on their own.
Terrorism in Focus.
Available at: http://www.fpif.org/indices/topics/terrorism.html.
This page provides links to 50+ in-depth analytical articles on the topic of international terrorism.
Terrorism Research Center (TRC).
Available at: http://www.homelandsecurity.com/.
Founded in 1996, the Terrorism Research Center, Inc. (TRC) is an independent institute dedicated to the research of terrorism, information warfare and security, critical infrastructure protection and other issues of low-intensity political violence and gray-area phenomena. Their website provides news, country profiles, profiles of terrorists, and information on terrorist attacks since 1946.
Terrorism: Background and Threat Assessments.
Available at: http://www.fas.org/irp/threat/terror.htm.
This very large, resource rich site, maintained by the Federation of American Scientists, provides access to a wealth of information on global terrorism. It provides access to a great deal of authoritative governmental information and reports concerning current and past terrorist issues.
Terrorism: Questions and Answers.
Available at: http://www.cfr.org/issue/135/.
This site provides information on what terrorism is, the countries alleged to sponsor it, and main terrorist groups around the world, as well as information on weapons, homeland security, and 9/11. The "answers" are concise and non-technical (would be suitable for high school students).
United States Department of Homeland Security.
Available at: http://www.whitehouse.gov/deptofhomeland/.
This is the homepage of the United States' Department of Homeland Security. The site provides transcripts of major speeches and legislation regarding the creation of the department and explains each of the department's four divisions: border and transportation security; emergency preparedness and response; chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear countermeasures; and information analysis and infrastructure protection.
Offline (Print) Sources
Wirtz, J. J. "Counter-Terrorism via Counter-Proliferation." Terrorism and Political Violence 14:3, 2002.
Do counter-proliferation policies help or hinder efforts at stopping terrorists from using chemical, biological, nuclear or radiological (CBNR) weapons? Counter-proliferation bounds the terrorist threat by reducing the vulnerability of US forces, allied military units and even civilian populations to terrorist attack. It helps to deter state-sponsored terrorism by bolstering the ability of US forces to retaliate with massive conventional force or with nuclear weapons. Counter-proliferation also probably helps to deter state-sponsored CBNR terrorism, although it has little effect on individual terrorists or independent terrorist networks. It reduces the prospects of terrorist incidents by helping to keep 'surplus' materials or weapons from entering black markets. Because counter-proliferation policies harden US or allied forces to terrorist attacks, however, counter-proliferation efforts might channel terrorists toward softer (civilian) targets. - Abstract
"Terrorism and Political Violence." , .
Terrorism and Political Violence is an academic journal that "reflects the full range of current scholarly work from many disciplines and theoretical perspectives. It aims to give academic rigour to a field which hitherto has lacked it, and encourages comparative studies. In addition to focusing on the political meaning of terrorist activity, the journal publishes studies of various related forms of violence by rebels and by states, on the links between political violence and organized crime, protest, rebellion, revolution, and human rights. Symposia are a regular feature covering such subjects as: terrorism and public policy; religion and violence; political parties and terrorism; technology and terrorism; and right-wing terrorism." -From Publisher Click here for more info.
Kratcoski, P. C. "Terrorist Victimization: Prevention, Control, and Recovery." Studies in Conflict and Terrorism 24:6, 2001.
This article examines all aspects of terrorism. It focuses on prevention, and victim recovery.
Tsfati, Y. and G. Weimann. "www.terrorism.com: Terror on the Internet." Studies in Conflict and Terrorism 25:5, 2002.
The nature of the Internet, the ease of access, the chaotic structure, the anonymity, and the international character, all furnish terrorist organizations with an easy and effective arena for action. The present research focuses on the use of the Internet by modern terrorist organizations and attempts to describe the uses terrorist organizations make of this new communication technology. Is the use of the Internet by terrorists different from that of other, "conventional" means of communication? How can governments respond to this new challenge? The population examined in this study is defined as the Internet sites of terrorist movements as found by a systematic search of the Internet, using various search engines. The sites were subjected to a qualitative content analysis, focusing on their rhetorical structures, symbols, persuasive appeals, and communication tactics. The study reveals differences and similarities between terrorist rhetoric online and in the conventional media. - Abstract
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Examples Illustrating this Topic:
Online (Web) Sources
Cato on Terrorism. Cato Institute.
Available at: http://www.cato.org/research/terrorism/index.html.
This page from the Cato Institute, which is founded on a libertarian philosophy, provides links to a series of comments on military options, defense budget implications and civil liberties issues associated with responding to the September 11th terrorist attacks.
Center for Contemporary Conflicts: Homeland Security and Terrorism Resources.
Available at: http://www.ccc.nps.navy.mil/si/index.asp#homeland.
The center has singled out these articles as specifically relating to terrorism, but many of the other articles on the same page (Strategic Insights) are also related. All of the articles tend to be technical.
Mateeva, Anna. "Chechnya: Drive for Independence or Hotbed for Islamic Terrorism?." , 2002
Available at: Click here for more info.
This article discusses the situation in the Russian territory of Chechnya, which has been fighting for independence since 1991. The piece examines how the character of the Chechen cause has changed over the years, taking on the character of a "holy war" as Islamic fighters from other places have joined the struggle against Russian forces. Given this situation, the author explores the implications of allowing Chechnya to secede.
Goldberg, Jeffrey. "Inside Jihad U.: The Education of a Holy Warrior." , June 25, 2000
Available at: Click here for more info.
This article describes a Pakistani school called the Haqqania that has graduated more leaders of the Taliban, Afghanistan's former ruling faction, than any other school in the world, including any school in Afghanistan.
MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base.
Available at: http://www.tkb.org/Home.jsp.
The MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base is the one-stop resource for comprehensive research and analysis on global terrorist incidents, terrorism-related court cases, and terrorist groups and leaders. The Terrorism Knowledge Base illuminates the current status of terrorism today. It takes users through the history, affiliations, locations, and tactics of the terrorism entities operating across the world at this moment. The database features interactive maps, biographies on key terrorist personalities, dynamic graphs, and succinct summaries on who is who and what is what inside the shadowy world of terrorism today.
Tucker, Jonathan B. "Strategies for Countering Terrorism: Lessons From the Israeli Experience." , 2003
Available at: Click here for more info.
The author describes how the U.S. and other countries can learn counterterrorism tactics from the Israelis who have been fighting terrorism for 50 years.
Laqueur, Walter. "The Terrorism to Come." Policy Review, No. 126 , 2004
Available at: http://www.hoover.org/publications/policyreview/3437231.html.
The author offers his insights on terrorism. Specifically, he describes the role poverty and identity play in the creation of terrorism, and what terrorism will look like in the future.
Will the Center Hold? Taming the Terror in Northern Ireland. 2004.
Available at: http://www.aworldofpossibilities.com/details.cfm?id=174.
An interview with Mark Durkan, Mari Fitzduff, David Ford, and Jane Morrice. Northern Ireland: loveliness and strife at once but, you'll hear no gunfire there today. After generations of animosities, Protestants and Catholics reach for reconcilitation. In this program, we learn from them about taming terror and the fear of it. This is an Irish tale that is both cautionary and hopeful.
Offline (Print) Sources
Picco, Giandomenico. Man Without a Gun: One Diplomat's Secret Struggle to Free the Hostages, Fight Terrorism, and End a War. Times Books, May 1, 1999.
This book chronicles the author's two decades as a high-level diplomat for the United Nations. The work focuses on credibility as a crucial characteristic in diplomacy.
Hoffman, Bruce. "Rethinking Terrorism and Counterterrorism Since 9/11." Studies in Conflict and Terrorism 25:5, 2002.
This article examines what has been learned since 11 September 2001 about the nature of twenty-first-century terrorism, the challenges that it poses, and how it must be countered. It attempts to better understand Usama bin Laden and the terrorist entity that he created and to assess whether we are more or less secure as a result of the U.S.-led actions in Afghanistan and the pursuit of the al Qaeda network. The article considers these issues, placing them in the context of the major trends in terrorism that have unfolded in recent months and will likely affect the future course of political violence. - Abstract
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Audiovisual Materials on this Topic:
Online (Web) Sources
A Just War?: Asking the Age-Old Question about the Pursuit of Terrorism . National Public Radio (NPR). 2002.
Available at: Click here for more info.
This audio clip is an interview with Catholic theologian, Rev. J. Bryan Hehir, who discusses the just war theory as it relates to the war on terror.
Gore Vidal on the "United States of Amnesia," 9/11, the 2000 Election and the War in Iraq. Democracy Now!. May 13, 2003.
Available at: http://democracynow.org/transcripts/gorevidal.shtml.
Amy Goodman, from Democracy Now! interviews Gore Vidal, author and "the finest serious critique of America's use and abuse of power in the 21st century." He discusses his view of the reign of terror that has been established by the Bush dictatorship, along with the electoral process in the United States corruption in the Bush/Gore election.
Interview: Professor Rashid Khalidi discusses the Hamas terrorist organization. NPR. June 13, 2003.
Available at: Click here for more info.
This interview talks about Hammas, examining their support, who they are able to appeal to, where they are based, and their financial resources, and of course, terrorism activities.
The Mideast: A Century of Conflict Part 7: The Second Intifada and the Death of Oslo. NPR. October 8, 2002.
Available at: http://www.npr.org/news/specials/mideast/history/history7.html.
This audio clip discusses the many reasons that the Oslo process didn't succeed. The second Intifada broke out and the violence has continued to escalate. Prime Minister Ariel Sharon has carried out Israeli reoccupation of Palestinian cities; there is profound distrust on both sides.
Offline (Print) Sources
Human Weapon. Directed and/or Produced by: Ziv, Ilan. First Run Icarus Films. 2002.
Filmed in Iran, Lebanon, Sri Lanka, Israel, Palestine, Europe and the United States, this film takes an in-depth look at organizations that use suicide bombings as a tactical weapon. Click here for more info.
Power and Terror: Noam Chomsky in Our Times. Directed and/or Produced by: Junkerman, John and Tetsujiro Yamagami. First Run Icarus Films. 2002.
Noam Chomsky talks about terrorism in relation to American foreign policy. Click here for more info.
The Bombing . Directed and/or Produced by: Bitton, Simone. First Run Icarus Films. 1999.
In its quest to understand and address the issue of suicide bombings, this film through the use of interviews with both the suicide bombers' families and the victims' families, hunts for the motivates that propel individuals to engage in this type of violence. Click here for more info.
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